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Community-based forest management (CBFM) constitutes “a powerful paradigm that evolved out of the failure of state forest governance to ensure the sustainability of forest resources and the equitable distribution of access to and benefits from them”. In 1995, the Philippine government adopted CBFM as a national scheme to promote sustainable forest governance, in recognition of the negative impacts occurring as a result of widespread forest loss across the country. The scheme stresses the importance of involving communities in sustaining the forest through projects such as timber harvesting, agro-forestry and livestock raising. CBFM therefore advocates an increasingly ‘bottom up’ – as opposed to the historically ‘top down’ and centralised - approach to sustainable forest governance involving a variety of stakeholders. By 2005, 5503 projects had been established across the country. For this reason the Philippines has been considered a pioneer within Asia for the successful implementation of CBFM as a nationwide tool of forest governance. CBFM has resulted in varying levels of success across the country,〔 primarily due to unstable policies, poor policy implementation and a lack of funding and assistance by the local and national governments.〔 Successful projects tend to a result of strong government backing, strong community will to succeed in sustainable forest management, and international funding and technical assistance.〔〔 The varying degree of success implies that many challenges still remain if CBFMs objectives are to be successfully achieved on a national scale.〔 In addition, uncontrollable levels of deforestation remains a problem in the Philippines, with current forest cover at 25.7% 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Data: Philippines )〕 and many rural and upland communities still well under the poverty line.〔 ==History and origins== CBFM in the Philippines emerged as a result of several driving forces including ‘forest and environmental degradation’ and ‘inequitable access to forest resources and benefits’. These can be attributed to the historically unsustainable forest management practices adopted by centralised governments.〔 Forest cover in the Philippines has declined significantly from 92% in 1575 to 24% in 2003. Under the centralised forest management regime of Ferdinand Marcos between 1970 and 1980, annual deforestation was particularly high at 300,000 hectares.〔 As a result of this deforestation, the Philippines had one of the highest forest losses in the Asia-Pacific region at the turn of the century. The large extent of forest loss in the country can be illustrated by the change from the country being a “major exporter of tropical logs in the late 1950s until 60s to now being a major importer of wood and wood products”.〔 The centralised forest management policies formed within the pioneering period (1975–1986) are thought to have “primarily benefited the privileged few instead of the millions of people living in upland areas who depend on the forests resources for survival”.〔 The Marcos government placed a third of the total forest in the country (8-12 million ha) under the control of 450-470 big companies with Timber Licence Agreements (TLA) whilst the “indigenous were regarded as squatters in their own lands... and were treated as culprits for forest destruction”.〔 Widespread poverty ensued in the upland communities that rely on the forests for maintaining their livelihoods. The negative impacts of the centralised approach to forest control led civil society to strongly advocate a shift in the control of local resources to communities who could benefit socio-economically from as well as manage the forest more suitably.〔〔 The government responded to these calls for a more people-orientated forestry programme by issuing executive order no.263 in 1995. This was titled “adopting community-based forest management as a national scheme to ensure the sustainable development of the country’s forest lands resources and providing mechanisms for its implementation”.〔 Under this order, local communities can obtain long term tenure rights to forest land and resource use permits (RUPs) from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), provided that they employ environmentally friendly, ecologically sustainable and labour-intensive harvesting methods.〔 Communities under CBFM are to elect a people’s organisation (PO) to represent a particular project in talks with other stakeholders.〔 Some of the practices that communities have engaged in under CBFM range from agro-forestry and timber harvesting to livestock raising.〔 The government aimed to place at least 9 million hectares of forests under CBFM by 2008.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community based forest management in the Philippines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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